What Are Condoms?
A condom is a tube made of thin, flexible material. It is closed at one end. Condoms have been used for hundreds of years to prevent pregnancy by keeping a man's semen out of a woman's vagina. Condoms also help prevent diseases that are spread by semen or by contact with infected sores in the genital area, including HIV. Most condoms go over a man's penis. A new type of condom was designed to fit into a woman's vagina. This "female" condom can also be used to protect the rectum.
What Are They Made Of?
Condoms used to be made of natural skin (including lambskin) or of rubber. That's why they are called "rubbers." Most condoms today are latex or polyurethane. Lambskin condoms can prevent pregnancy. However, they have tiny holes (pores) that are large enough for HIV to get through. Lambskin condoms do not prevent the spread of HIV.
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Latex is the most common material for condoms. Viruses cannot get through it. Latex is inexpensive and available in many styles. It has two drawbacks: oils make it fall apart, and some people are allergic to it.
Polyurethane is an option for people who are allergic to latex. One brand of female condom and one brand of male condom are made of polyurethane.
How Are Condoms Used?
Condoms can protect you during contact between the penis, mouth, vagina, or rectum. Condoms won't protect you from HIV or other infections unless you use them correctly.
Store condoms away from too much heat, cold, or friction. Do not keep them in a wallet or a car glove compartment.
Check the expiration date. Don't use outdated condoms.
Don't open a condom package with your teeth. Be careful that your fingernails or jewelry don't tear the condom. Body jewelry in or around your penis or vagina might also tear a condom.
Use a new condom every time you have sex, or when the penis moves from the rectum to the vagina.
Check the condom during sex, especially if it feels strange, to make sure it is still in place and unbroken.
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Do not use a male condom and a female condom at the same time.
Use only water-based lubricants with latex condoms, not oil-based. The oils in Crisco, butter, baby oil, Vaseline or cold cream will make latex fall apart.
Use unlubricated condoms for oral sex (most lubricants taste awful).
Do not throw condoms into a toilet. They can clog plumbing.
Using a Male Condom:
Put the condom on when your penis is erect -- but before it touches your partner's mouth, vagina, or rectum. Many couples use a condom too late, after some initial penetration. Direct genital contact can transmit some diseases. The liquid that comes out of the penis before orgasm can contain HIV.
If you want, put some water-based lubricant inside the tip of the condom.
If you are not circumcised, push your foreskin back before you put on a condom. This lets your foreskin move without breaking the condom.
Squeeze air out of the tip of the condom to leave room for semen (cum). Unroll the rest of the condom down the penis.
Do not "double bag" (use two condoms). Friction between the condoms increases the chance of breakage.
After orgasm, hold the base of the condom and pull out before your penis gets soft.
Be careful not to spill semen onto your partner when you throw the condom away.
Using a Female Condom:
The female condom is a sleeve or pouch with a closed end and a larger open end. There are flexible rings at each end of the Reality condom, and a flexible V-shaped frame in the V-amour condom.
Put the condom in place before your partner's penis touches your vagina or rectum.
For use in the vagina, insert the narrow end of the condom, like inserting a diaphragm. The larger end goes over the opening to the vagina to protect the outside sex organs from infection.
Guide the penis into the large end to avoid unprotected contact between the penis and the partner's rectum or vagina.
Some people have used the Reality condom in the rectum after removing the smaller ring. Put the condom over your partner's erect penis. The condom will be inserted into the rectum along with the penis.
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After sex, remove the condom before standing up. Twist the large end to keep the semen inside. Gently pull the condom out and throw it away.
Nonoxynol-9
Nonoxynol-9 is a chemical that kills sperm (a spermicide). It can help prevent pregnancy when it is used in the vagina along with condoms or other birth control methods. Nonoxynol-9 should not be used in the mouth or rectum.
Because nonoxynol-9 kills HIV in the test tube, it was considered as a way to prevent HIV infection during sex. Unfortunately, many people are allergic to it. Their sex organs (penis, vagina, and rectum) can get irritated and develop small sores that actually make it easier for HIV infection to spread. Nonoxynol-9 should not be used as a way to prevent HIV infection.
Condom Myths
Condoms don't work: Studies show condoms are 80% to 97% effective in preventing HIV transmission if they are used correctly every time you have sex.
Condoms break a lot: Less than 2% of condoms break when they are used correctly: no oils with latex condoms, no double condoms, no outdated condoms.
HIV can get through condoms: HIV cannot get through latex or polyurethane condoms. Don't use lambskin condoms.
The Bottom Line
When used correctly, condoms are the best way to prevent the spread of HIV during sexual activity. Condoms can protect the mouth, vagina or rectum from HIV-infected semen. They can protect the penis from HIV-infected vaginal fluids and blood in the mouth, vagina, or rectum. They also reduce the risk of spreading other sexually transmitted diseases.
Condoms must be stored, used and disposed of correctly. Male condoms are used on the penis. Female condoms can be used in the vagina or rectum.
Which condom is best for me?
Condoms come in different sizes, thicknesses, flavours and are made of latex (natural rubber) or polyisoprene (man-made rubber). There’s the more common ‘male condom’, but also the ‘female condom’. Try various sorts to find what’s best for you. Any condom should only be used once.
Latex or polyisoprene?
Most condoms are made of latex (a kind of rubber). One brand (called Avanti) is made of polyisoprene (a man-made rubber).
Advantages of polyisoprene condoms:
Useful for people allergic to latex
Disadvantages include:
More expensive
Not sold in the many places or varieties that latex condoms are
Smaller or bigger?
Penises come in different sizes; so do condoms. There’s a 1.5cm difference between the smallest and largest condom. Too small and a condom feels too tight and can split; too big and it’s more likely to come off.
Shop around for the best fit. Smaller condoms are labelled ‘trim’ or ‘snug fit’, larger ones ‘XL’, ‘XXL’ or ‘Magnum’. Not all shops sell different sizes – the internet has the biggest selection.
Regular strength or thicker?
The thinner the condom, the more sensation. For more reassurance some people prefer thicker condoms (sometimes called ‘extra strong’ or ‘ultra strong’). These were once recommended for anal sex but we now know that regular (thinner) condoms are just as safe.
With or without spermicide?
Condoms often come covered in ‘spermicide’ (something that kills sperm). One spermicide called Nonoxynol 9 (or N-9) irritates the skin inside the body, making it easier to pick up infections (including HIV). A condom with Nonoxynol-9 is better than no condom but where possible it should be avoided (the packaging says if condoms contain it).
Standard or novelty condoms?
Condoms come shaped, coloured, flavoured, with or without teats at the tip to collect semen. All these are usually OK for sex but some novelty condoms may not be. The packaging should say so.
‘Male’ or ‘female’ condoms?
Regular (‘male’) condoms rely on men being prepared to use them but ‘female’ condoms or femidoms give control to the woman.
Advantages of femidoms:
The woman is in charge. She puts it inside her vagina before sex, possibly some time before (femidom instructions are here)
Men might prefer them because it means they don’t have to wear a latex condom
Disadvantages of femidoms:
More expensive than male condoms (about £1.50 each)
Some say they are too noticeable or more likely to break
